Women and Saudi Arabia’s Male Guardianship System. Summary. We all have to live in the borders of the boxes our dads or husbands draw for us.—Zahra, 2. Watch Ruben Guthrie Online Free HD.

Saudi woman, April 7, 2. It can mess with your head and the way you look at yourself. How do you respect yourself or how [can] your family respect you, if he is your legal guardian?—Hayat, 4.

December 7, 2. 01. In Saudi Arabia, a woman’s life is controlled by a man from birth until death. Watch Revenge Of The Pink Panther Putlocker#.

Every Saudi woman must have a male guardian, normally a father or husband, but in some cases a brother or even a son, who has the power to make a range of critical decisions on her behalf. As dozens of Saudi women told Human Rights Watch, the male guardianship system is the most significant impediment to realizing women’s rights in the country, effectively rendering adult women legal minors who cannot make key decisions for themselves.

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Rania, a 3. 4- year- old Saudi woman, said, “We are entrusted with raising the next generation but you can’t trust us with ourselves. It doesn’t make any sense.”Every Saudi woman, regardless of her economic or social class, is adversely affected by guardianship policies. Adult women from Saudi Arabia must obtain permission from a male guardian to travel abroad, marry, or be released from prison, and may be required to provide guardian consent to work or get health care. Adult women must obtain permission from a male guardian to travel, marry, or exit prison.

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They may be required to provide guardian consent in order to work or access healthcare. Women regularly face difficulty conducting a range of transactions without a male relative, from renting an apartment to filing legal claims. The impact these restrictive policies have on a woman’s ability to pursue a career or make life decisions varies, but is largely dependent on the good will of her male guardian. In some cases, men use the authority that the male guardianship system grants them to extort female dependents. Guardians have conditioned their consent for women to work or to travel on her paying him large sums of money. Women in Saudi Arabia face formal and informal barriers when attempting to make decisions or take action without the presence or consent of a male relative.

Women’s rights activists in Saudi Arabia have repeatedly called on the government to abolish the male guardianship system, which the government agreed to do in 2. Universal Periodic Review (UPR) at the United Nations Human Rights Council. Following both hearings, Saudi Arabia took limited steps to reform certain aspects of the guardianship system. But, these changes remain insufficient, incomplete, and ineffective; today, the guardianship system remains mostly intact. Saudi Arabia’s male guardianship system remains the most significant impediment to women’s rights in the country despite limited reforms over the last decade. Until the guardianship system is removed entirely, Saudi Arabia will remain in violation of its human rights obligations and unable to realize its Vision 2. Reforms. Saudi Arabia has made a series of limited changes over the last 1. Notable examples include allowing women to participate in the country’s limited political space, actively encouraging women to enter the labor market, and taking steps to better respond to domestic violence.

For example, in 2. King Abdullahappointed 3. Shura Council, his highest advisory body. On December 1. 2, 2. The elections were a significant, symbolic victory for women, particularly as many women had campaigned for this right for more than a decade. In recent years, Saudi Arabia has also issued a range of decisions significantly increasing women’s access to the labor market, as part of a broader economic reform program aimed at decreasing the country’s reliance on oil.

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These include removing language in the labor law that previously restricted women’s work to certain fields “suitable to their nature,” and no longer requiring that woman have guardian permission to work. Authorities have provided incentives to employers to hire women and earmark certain positions for women and provided thousands of scholarships for women to study in universities abroad. Saudi Arabia has also taken steps to better respond to violence against women and to provide women with better access to government services. In 2. 01. 3, it passed a law criminalizing domestic abuse and, in 2. Saudi Arabia has also worked to improve women’s access to government services, including enabling women to secure their own ID cards; issuing to divorced and widowed women family cards, which specify familial relationships and are required to conduct a number of bureaucratic tasks; and removing requirements that a woman bring a male relative to identify them in court. Limitations of Reforms.

While the reforms are a step in the right direction, they remain partial and incomplete. The male guardianship system remains largely in place, hindering and in some cases nullifying the efficacy of these reforms.

As Hayat, 4. 4, said, “I don’t believe we can change this in small steps. It is what is happening right now.

We need a very brave call from the government to remove this [guardianship] and make it equal.”While women now serve on the Shura Council and on municipal councils, these victories remain limited and authorities continue to curb women’s ability to participate in public life. Women made up less than 1. December 1. 5, 2.

Many women faced barriers linked to the guardianship system when registering to vote, such as a requirement to prove residency in their voting district—a difficult or impossible task for many women whose names are not generally listed on housing deeds or rental agreements—or a requirement to present a family card, often held by a male guardian. In the end, only 2. Municipal councils themselves have limited authority and, in January 2. Following the announcement, a woman councilor stepped down. The guardianship system also impacts women’s ability to seek work inside Saudi Arabia and to pursue opportunities abroad that might advance their careers.

Specifically, women may not apply for a passport without male guardian approval and require permission to travel outside the country. Women also cannot study abroad on a government scholarship without guardian approval and, while not always enforced, officially require a male relative to accompany them throughout the course of their studies. Zahra, 2. 5, whose father refused to allow her to study abroad, said, “Whenever someone tells me, ‘You should have a five- year plan,’ I say I can’t. I’ll have a five- year plan and then my dad would disagree. Why have a plan?”If the Saudi government intends to end discrimination against women as it has promised and to further the reforms it has already begun to undertake, it cannot allow restrictions inherent within the guardianship system to continue. For example, the government does not require guardian permission for women to work, but does not penalize employers who do require this permission. The government does encourage employers to hire women, but requires employers to establish separate office spaces for men and women and to enforce a strict dress code on women, policies which create disincentives to hiring women.

The need for substantial, systemic reform is perhaps starkest with regard to the state’s response to violence against women. Saudi Arabia has taken steps to better respond to abuse, but has done so within the framework of guardianship. The guardianship system allows men to control many aspects of women’s lives and makes it difficult for survivors of family violence to avail themselves of protection or redress mechanisms. The extreme difficulty of transferring male guardianship from one male to another and the severe inequality in divorce rules make it difficult for women to escape abuse.

Men remain women’s guardians, with all the associated levers of control, during court proceedings, and until a divorce is finalized. Watch Fist 2 Fist 2: Weapon Of Choice Online.

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Naturally, though, there are already sketchy retailers out there peddling counterfit eclipse- watching gear, that might not appropriately protect your vision. A post from Quartz warned against counterfeit eclipse glasses that are being sold on Amazon by companies that don’t normally make astronomical gear. One seller, for example, also sold fidget spinners. Of course they did.)According to NASA, you should check if your glasses fit these criteria: Have certification information with a designated ISO 1.

Have the manufacturer’s name and address printed somewhere on the product. Not be used if they are older than three years, or have scratched or wrinkled lenses. Not use homemade filters or be substituted for with ordinary sunglasses — not even very dark ones — because they are not safe for looking directly at the Sun.

The American Astronomical Society has approved these five brands for buying eclipse glasses: American Paper Optics, Baader Planetarium (Astro. Solar Silver/Gold film only), Rainbow Symphony, Thousand Oaks Optical, and TSE 1. However, many counterfeit companies also use the names of the approved companies on their glasses.

NASA and the American Astronomical Society will approve more brands in an upcoming post, and retail stores like Walmart will likely soon begin selling approved eclipse- viewing glasses. These counterfeits aren’t necessarily dangerous to use, but there just isn’t a guarantee that they’ll protect your eyes. Solar- eclipse fever means counterfeit glasses are flooding Amazon’s market Quartz.