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Antique photos of Oman including Muscat and Muttrah. History of Sultan Said bin Taimur: Sultan Said bin Taimur inherited in 1. Taimur bin Faisal.  The father of Said bin Taimur  also already inherited a high public debt and widespread rebellion among the tribes in the interior.

Between 1. 91. 5 and 1. Sultan's forces were aided by British financial and material support against the rebel tribes, ensuring adequate resistance but not total victory. An uneasy situation of no war, no peace, existed, with the sultan controlling Muscat and the coastal towns and the Imam ruling the interior. This was tacitly codified in the Treaty of Seeb in 1. British political agent in Muscat. Watch Skin Trade Download Full there. Watch Richard Peter Johnson Online Forbes'>Watch Richard Peter Johnson Online Forbes. The treaty was between the sultan and the tribes, represented by Sheikh Isa bin Salih al Harthi, leader of the Al Harthi tribe. In return for partial autonomy (on local affairs), the tribes in the interior pledged to cease attacking the coast.  The Sultan would also make some annual payments to the tribes.

The Treaty of Seeb was, de facto, a partition agreement between Muscat and Oman (i. Britain's interest in preserving its power through the office of the sultan without having to dispatch British troops to the region ( divide and rule).

From 1. 80. 0 the Sultan of Oman also had to pay "protection" fees to the Saudi's to prevent violent attacks on Oman from their Wahabi  tribes. During the 1. 9th and early 2.

British in the coast of south Arabia and the East African coast was to protect the economically crucial shipping lanes between India and Britain (i. This became even more important after the opening of the Suez canal. By the 1. 95. 0's the Americans had secured energy sources (oil) and political influence in Saudi Arabia, Iran and most other key places in the Middle East while British influence in that region had largely diminished. The British were afraid to completely loose direct access to oil and influence in the Middle East.

Also the influence of the cold war with Russia was felt in the Middle East during that period. In 1. 95. 5 drilling started in Oman at Fahud and this looked very promising. Because of the possibility of oil deposits in Oman the Saudi's started in 1. Saudi Arabia and Oman and claimed the border town of Buraimi. The Buraimi Dispute was eventually taken to the United Nations, to avoid a military conflict. It was decided that the town was Omani, this decision  was also simplified by the fact that Saudi had tried to bribe officials with suitcases of money..

From 1. 95. 5 the the Saudi's trickered a revolt  in Nizwa and the Jebel Akhdar region of Oman. With help of the British army the rebellion was quickly contained.  However a few hundred fanatic rebels remained active in the Jebel Akhdar mountains and plains. In 1. 95. 9 a combined land and air offensive ended the rebellion. Since the 1. 92. 0 Seeb treaty, Muscat and its interior (Oman) had been  largely separate but in 1.

Sultan Taimur reunited the country. The well written book "Sultan in Oman" by Jan Morris (ref 1)  gives a wonderful insight in the first part of the Jebel Akhdar campaign. It would take until 1. Sultan Qaboos to change the country's name form "Muscat and Oman" to its original name Oman. The limited income of the Sultan of Oman was the Zakat (an Islamic tax on certain products), some customs taxes and some subsidies / loans from Britain.

Sultan Taimur. managed his budget very closely. The initial expectations of oil production at Fahud turned out to be too optimistic and proper oil production in Oman only started in 1. When the financial situation and opportunities for Oman dramatically improved the old Sultan  stuck to his old conservative policies, thereby obstructing the progress of the country resulting in discontent and an uprising in the country.  In 1. Sultan Taimur was peacefully removed from power by his son Qaboos with the help of the British.  In 1. Oman was one of the few countries in the world without National Debt. Conclusion: The 1.

Seeb ensured political peace between Muscat and Oman that lasted until the 1. Saudi's). In return for accepting a truncation of his authority, the sultan received in 1. British government with an amortization period of ten years, sufficient to repay his debts to merchants. When Sultan Taimur ibn Faisal abdicated for financial reasons in 1. Said ibn Taimur inherited an administration that was again deeply in debt and totally dependent on the British government. The previous also explains why until 1. Oman was "Muscat and Oman" and also why Sultan Said bin Taimur was so reluctant to loosen financial controls when the oil income started in 1. If the British had not intervened in 1.

Oman or large parts of it may have been taken over by Saudi Arabia.

Newsletter March 2. Skinners' School. Published on May 1.